THE NATURE OF INTELLECT -- PART TWO

The blockages that bar one from using intellect are those which exist within the mind. All blockages are present because of three kinds of memory: genetic, past-life, and cellular memory accumulated from the present incarnation.


Three Dimensional Reality

An understanding of the aforementioned terms incorporates the passing of time. We use these terms for your convenience and understanding only. For, in reality, there is no such thing as time. All time exists in the present moment of time and space. Since you exist, however, in a three dimensional reality that has created time as a component to organize your reality, we use these exemples or analogies to accommodate your perceptions.

Energy blockages are perceptions of reality that cause one to become out of harmony with the universe around. When one is not in harmony, difficulties and frustrations occur that are stored in the mind. The mind encompasses all you are, as your essence exists in a thought-form that represents the reality of who and what you are. This thought-form is pure energy that can be shaped in any form of your choosing. Reality, which encompasses intellect, is the manifestation on the outside of what you believe on the inside. All vibrations, good and bad, are stored within this mind and your essence.

Level of Receptivity

Let us stop here for one minute to test you. Considering the information we have just delivered, how would you measure your level of receptivity?? Are you accepting these statements as reality or are you closing your minds to the the possibility that these might be truths?? Thus, do you enhance our original observation provided earlier, or do you discredit it?? Note your station at this point, for the additional explanations we will provide are more complex. If you are having difficulty following these statements thus far, perhaps you might like to rest or reread the information that we have transmitted. For those who choose to continue, we deliver this additional information for your consideration.

Energy

The intellect of the mind is that rational process that governs the thought-forms which shape reality. All mind and processes are energy. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed; therefore, all energy is transformed. Energy is also neutral. Intellect is the governing and tranforming power of the thoughts used to dictate the shape.

Let us digress here for a moment and discuss the nature of energy. Energy is that which comprises the universe in which you reside. The basis for all creation is the thought-form, which controls and creates out of Light. Light is that which governs and dictates the molding and process of all that exists; thus, gases, liquids, and solids are only processed forms of energy.

Mathematical Reasoning

The universe is a perfect, pulsating, rhythmic mechanism that sings the music of the spheres. As the embodied Pythagoras, I brought to the world this understanding of mathematical reasoning. And in my instruction I delivered the secrets of the coded mysteries for both the macrocosm and the microcosm, for they are both One. One of the secrets brought forth was that everything can be measured mathematically because of the vibrational frequency each form emits. Since all is created from Light, which in the manifested energy of thought, then each creation is a unique frequency measured to be less than Light.

Your Earth scientists will soon discover frequencies above the speed of Light. When they do, they will understand our definition of Light. Your present understanding measures Light as the frequency that contains all colour and is separated into frequencies called the rainbow. Our definition is that Light is the Great Central Sun, a phenomenon you will discover when you fully enter the Age of Aquarius and the fifth-dimensional frequency. For our purposes in this discourse, however, we state with much assurance that either definition suffices for your understanding of the concepts of which we instruct.

Part Three follows....

This article is from the teachings of the Master Kuthumi.

THE NATURE OF INTELLECT -- PART ONE

The following article is a transmission from the Master Kuthumi, known to many as the "World Teacher".

"Planet Earth cannot survive in the days ahead if the total picture of intellect and its connection to the heart is not clearly understood".... Kuthumi.

Perception of Reality

The nature of intellect is nothing more than one´s perception of reality. In the universes, of which there are twelve, humans appear to limit themselves and their realities with the concept of closed-mindedness. This is not to be taken as criticism. We begin this way because in our observations we note the masses on Earth operate more in the mode of closing their systems rather than in that of opening to new ones. We challenge you to contemplate this observation.

This state of mind is equivalent to the times wherein individuals groped and found comfort in the dark for their security. We believe you have termed such eras the "Dark Ages".

Initiating Change

Only during the times which your civilizations call "Ages of Enlightenment" have groups of individuals incarnated and brought great progress and intellectual stimulation to help humanity complete evolutionary leaps. While you read about these periods of accomplishments with great admiration and awe, know that these were painful times for the masses. The average human throughout all recorded history has not enjoyed change. This quality has been consistent throughout humanity´s development.

What created success during the "Ages of Enlightenment" was that during those eras, many enlightened souls chose to incarnate for the purpose of initiating change. Conversely, during each Dark Age, fewer enlightened souls chose embodiment, making it more difficult for change to occur.

Macrocosm -- Microcosm

In this last example, we bring you a mathematical problem. What, then, is the variable or factor that makes the difference for the initiation or hindrance of change?? The variable is the quantity of humans who come together to rule or provide direction for a particular civilization. In addition to the quantity of individuals, one also needs to include the nature of reality which each holds within his or her consciousness. When one understands that consciousness is volume measured by mathematics and that each person´s reality is part of the universal consciousness, then one is well on the way to understanding the nature of intellect.

The universe in which you reside is magical and powerful. It is the totality of universal consciousness and is mind energy. It is also perfect. It contains the sum of all that was and ever will be for your existence while you reside within it. It is the macrocosm of which you are the microcosm. Therefore, your intellect, which is a part of this universal consciousness, has no boundaries. You are one part of the total sum of all there is.

Endless Opportunities

Your intellect has barely been tapped, Oh children of the Divine. The key to tapping the wonders of your power and happiness lies only in your ability to open your minds to the possibilities around you. When you choose to do this, you open the doors to endless opportunities and become the true co-creators with the Divine. This is Truth.

Intellect, therefore, is one´s ability to pursue the opportunities around. It demands the discipline and the focus of energy within, to be used for the fulfillment of pursuit. Intellect is that which enables one to reason without anxiety, and to address the questions that challenge one´s concept of reality. Intellect is freedom and the courage to explore areas where others dare not go.

Part Two follows....

This article is from the teachings of the Master Kuthumi.

THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE -- PART TWO

Our understanding of God as Mother lies in the acceptance that She is the Father in another form. The Mother is the Father in our Material World, and the Father is the Mother in the Spiritual World. There is no difference. God, as with everything else, has two opposite aspects. Therefore God is always One and the same but with two contrasting functions. 

Aspects of God

If we were to personify God, we would have to say that God is a "Hermaphrodite Being". All of us have a portion of masculine and feminine aspects or sides of our nature from God within us. But when we have finally achieved total and complete perfection, we too will be hermaphrodite in our being.

In mythology the Mother represents the "stage of achievement" we all are striving for. This simply means attainment of God perfection or God consciousness. And this would include Omni-science, Omni-knowledge and Omni-wisdom. Our entire material (form) universe is an expression of the Mother Principle and Personality, in all Her aspects. Remember that one aspect of God is the "Personal Personality", and that is the Mother.

The Father´s aspect (Spirit) has the quality best described as "Impersonal Impersonality". This means that we regard or perceive the Father as distant and seperate from ourselves... and yet He is a part of us. The Father is Spirit and therefore "spiritual". He is always Omni-potent, Omni-science and Omni-present. This "Impersonal" quality is perceived and accepted by us because the Father is the Law of Creation Itself in absolute perfection. God favours none of His children. Each and every one of us is an expression or extension of Himself (Spirit). Therefore all God´s children are equal, no matter what position or circumstance in life one holds and experiences.

Characteristics of the Trinity

As explained earlier the Mother´s aspect (Mater--ial) is a "Personal Personality". We are one with the Mother through all our earthly lives. We are living in Her Mater Cosmos and our physical mother portrays and radiates Her energy and vibration of Light... namely Love!

The aspect of the Son (i.e. the Living Word we humans must manifest), is an "Impersonal Personality". Which means that Christ was personified in Jesus, although Christ is still impersonal, as Christ is God´s Light and Love that must come into manifestion (Man-in-festation) in all God´s children.

Now the aspect of the Holy Spirit is actually God in action through Humanity itself. This makes the Holy Spirit a "Personal Impersonality". So we actually have the opportunity, through the power of the Holy Spirit working within us, to manifest here on Earth all that is above in Heaven.

In other words... Spirit is the Father and this aspect of God is masculine thereby containing or expressing the Divine qualities of :- Producer, Giver, Positive, Plus, Yang.

The Mother is the World of Form and Her Divine Qualities are as follows :- Attraction, Receiver, Negative, Minus, Yin.

Eastern Religious Cultures

The many and various gods and goddesses found in eastern religions are simply symbolic aspects and representatives of the different "sides" of the One true God.

In these religions it is not regarded as being or behaving in any way against God´s teaching of worshipping idols or gods through objects as pictures, statues and the like. The simple explanation for this being that it is not the actual "object" itself one is worshipping but the Divine aspect the particular object represents. These people realise and acknowledge there is only ONE God, but God has also many "sides" or aspects in which to express Itself.

The religious culture and understanding in the east of the dangers of earthly "ties" or attachments and the practise of idolatery are far more advanced than in the west. They have a better understanding than the west about Spirituality. Our limited western ideas about spiritual development have been handed down to us through Judaism. But Judaism has been influenced, from ancient times, by a past culture or era of corruption and decadence from Egypt.

Humanity´s Lower Nature

In Egypt, during the time of Moses, when the Jewish people were finally freed, Egypt had reached its lowest level of spiritual development. Just imagine, it had once achieved the heights of spirituality, culture and a society that, even today, the world has never seen or experienced. But, with time, Egypt degenerated into a niveau so low that it became a place of self-idolatery. Self-idolatery is the worshipping of the human nature and ego. (EGO = Edge God Out). They stooped to the level or attitude of pleasure for the human personality above all else. This situation grew so bad that the people lost both contact and understanding of the Divine.

Now because the Jewish population had been so long under the influence of Egypt´s corruption, they were unable to discern just what was idolaterous behaviour and what was worship of the Divine. It then became necessary to teach the people that it was no longer allowed to either own or worship pictures, idols, statues etc. as their underdeveloped abilities of discernment would not allow them to see the difference between idolatery and actual worship of Divinity.

Unfortunately this attitude remains today in many Christian Churches. We can all recall the story from the bible about the worshipping of the Golden Calf. But the true meaning of worshipping false gods is simply humanity prioratising material things over or before God.

Attitudes of the West

In our western world we always seem to "personify" the Divine. We feel that is the best way we can identify with God and it would seem our understanding and acceptance demands this form of identification. People just have a need to compare and identify with things to actually understand them.

Let´s look again at the Trinity. We identify God as the Father, and the Son is personified in Jesus Christ, whilst the Holy Spirit is pictured as a White Dove or Tongues of Fire, or perhaps even as a "mighty wind" (descending energy force). We have to admit that we acknowledge or identify more with God as a "PERSON" rather than a "PRINCIPLE".

Objects and Divinity

It might be of interest to some that when we actually worship or commune with God through a "representative" (i.e. statue or picture), God can and will bless and make holy this "Object" or aspect of Divinity. God will penetrate and saturate the object with His/Her Electronic Presence. In other words, God can transfer a portion of Its own energy into the said object.

So, regarding the Divine Mother, it must be a great joy to now know that when we pray to or commune with Her through a picture or statue of say... Mother Mary or other representatives of the Divine Mother, we will receive their divine energy-flow and blessings. This fact applies also to other Holy Personages, as long as we remember that it is the Spirit behind the representative and not the object itself that we are worshipping or communing with.

THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE -- PART ONE

The Mother / Mater is created from the four basic elements -- Fire, Air, Water and Earth. It is the lessons of these elements that we, as children of the Mother -- which means God´s children on planet Earth -- must master. We must experience and master the challenges that the four elements present to us. 


Influences Of The Elements

A short resumè of the influences these four elements have on humanity are as follows : The Fire element teaches us about "Unconditional Love"; the Air element will teach us how to exist and behave with "Brotherly Love and Compassion"; the element of Water is to teach us "Self Control over our emotions"; and the Earth element will teach us "Service unto others in a spirit of goodwill".

The four elements are also connected to four layers of consciousness. These planes of consciousness belong to and function in our "mater cosmos". But we can achieve the necessary mastery over these elements by experiencing, acknowledging and expressing God (or goodness) through their challenges and qualities.

Four Planes of Consciousness

The four planes of consciousness are : Unconsciousness, Subconsciousness, Consciousness and our Higher Consciousness. All these levels of consciousness are "part and parcel" of the same package -- God Consciousness!! This God Consciousness begins to unfold within us as our spiritual development expands.

To achieve the freedom and advancement from Earth´s schooling, it is necessary for each soul to experience and master the various disciplines the elements of this planet will teach us. In this way we can grow and expand our consciousness further. And this is why we continue to incarnate here on planet Earth.

We must understand that God has given a portion of "Itself" into our material world. Just consider now the word "Mater--ial". Mater = Mother. Our world is the world of "Form" and thereby the term the Mater / Mother Cosmos. The Father aspect of God is Spirit, and is therefore known as the Spiritual Cosmos.

Our Teacher

It is quite natural that one would first identify with the Divine Mother´s aspect and Her principles. Before we do we won´t be able to understand the Father aspect of God. The Mother is our teacher, filled with compassion, intelligence and wisdom. We identify with Her in our hearts, where the Mother Flame (or the God Spark) burns constantly. In the heart chakra and base chakra (over tailbone) God has placed this Feminine Energy or part of Itself.

Having placed a portion of Itself in every human body, it should go without saying that we should respect our "temples", keeping a high standard of purity both within and around us. In this way we can radiate and manifest the Divine here on the Earth plane. With a close and conscious contact with the Divine Mother we will achieve the wisdom and enlightenment necessary to break our karmic wheel and "imprisonment" here on Earth and, by doing this, enabling us to continue our evolution through God´s eternal Cosmos.

The Mother´s Function

The Mother is the personification of the basic elements. She is the Holy Spirit itself that moves across and influences all life on our planet. This Divine Mother´s very essence are the waters of life, wisdom, love and peace.

Now the Mother will show Herself in many disguises. She is our teacher and examinator. She will appear in many forms and situations to test us, and yet to strengthen our souls through these tests. She does just this out of Her Cosmic Love to prepare us for our final initiation. This final initiation is our "at-onement" or union with the Light or God, known as the Sacred Marriage with the Cosmic Christ. This sacred union is the result of our achievement of Cosmic Consciousness, and that is the final victory over death and rebirth.

The Greatest Task

The Mother´s greatest task is to teach us not to become attached to earthly things or relationships. Not to become reliant upon life on this earth plane or third dimension under any circumstances whatsoever... and that includes even the effect of Earth´s four elements and their corresponding levels of consciousness.

The Mother would like to teach us how to achieve complete dominion over these basic elements with their corresponding challenges and "lower bodies". In this way we will be able to master life in the material world -- the world of form -- and thereby complete our schooling for the soul here on planet Earth. We will then be eligible to continue our soul´s evolution throughout God´s fantastic creation.

The following will illustrate how the four elements correspond with our four lower bodies which make up the aura.

Element: Fire -- Body: Etheric/Memory -- Lesson: Unconditional Love
 Element: Air -- Body: Mental -- Lesson: Brotherhood / Co-operation 
Element: Water -- Body: Astral -- Lesson: Selfcontrol over Emotions
Element: Earth -- Body: Physical -- Lesson: Service with a Goodwill


Part two follows....

THE PSYCHIC LAW -- PART THREE

There are, of course, many manifestations of the Psychic Law. The ones of which Humanity is perhaps most aware are those of "physical" and "mental" mediumship.

Physical & Mental Mediumship

Physical mediumship is mediumship which takes place outside the realm of the medium. The most common demonstrations of this are Levitation, Materialisation and Apportation. Mental mediumship is mediumship which takes place within the realm of the medium. The most common demonstrations of this are Clairvoyance, Clairaudience, Psychometry, Automatic Writing and Drawing and Trance Mediumship. Many psychic experiences are to be had by those who do possess psychic ability, but to possess this ability requires that your soul-consciousness has practised and used these talents in other lives.

As I have said before, psychic talents have to be earned, and therefore it is true to say that anyone who possesses them is an old soul. They have practised and used those talents many times, for they are not talents that can be picked up and learnt easily. Therefore, because it is only old souls who possess psychic talents, one can expect a psychic person to have a strong personality. That is why there are people who say that they know of mediums who possess strong personalities, whom they consider to be unpleasant, even unspiritual people. Nevertheless, people who possess psychic ability have earned the right to possess it through their actions in other lives.

In Harmony

If you would truly seek to be psychic then you must practise your particular psychic talents and you must harmonise yourselves, for until you as individuals are in harmony, consciously or even subconsciously, you will not become psychic. To harmonise yourselves with your surroundings is therefore your first objective, and you will discover that as you begin to achieve this, as you begin to become aware of your fellow human beings, your physical bodies, Nature, the individual petals in a rose, the water flowing in a stream, the new-born lamb in spring, then that psychic ability will reveal itself to you without you even knowing it.

Yes, suddenly, in the twinkling of an eye, as you sit beside a flower one day, you will look down and there you will see a little elemental. It may be for only a brief second, but that will be enough. To see an elemental requires little conscious effort. All that happens is that you lower your rate of vibration, with the correct motivation and with love, and that the elemental raises its vibration so that you meet on a common plane of matter below the normal physical range. Someone along-side you would not see it.

Advance Your Consciousness

The way to become psychic, therefore, is to advance your consciousness and to place yourself in harmony with matter around you. There are many short cuts which you can try to take. It is your choice whether or not you do so. I will say no more than this: that to use this Law, this power, before you are ready for it incurs great risk. You can tap into forces, you can see visions, you can see life as it exists way beyond your consciousness, but if you cannot comprehend it and grasp it, if you cannot understand it, it will unbalance you and will confuse you even to the point of madness. Your Creator has protected you: do not pull down that protection.

Your Motivation

It is very easy to want to possess the ability to use the Psychic Law, to wield psychic power, but I would ask you to examine why you want to use it, what your motivation is. Remember that you can influence many people with that power. Recognise that just as you are influenced by the demonstrations of psychic power by the great Masters and Teachers so you too can influence less evolved souls, and that the moment you begin to use the psychic power to try and help your fellow human beings you risk incurring great karma, for you can easily mislead them. Therefore use the Psychic Law, the Soul Law, with responsibility.

If you possess this power, then remember to use it with discrimination. Do not cast pearls before time. It is a personal talent to be used according to your own spiritual motivation. It does not have to be shared with anyone, and in most cases should not be shared.

Humanity must motivate itself and the use that it make of psychic power. It is a power far greater than any atomic device that Humanity has ever exploded. The true degree of the Psychic Law and psychic power is not that which you see demonstrated by the every-day person or medium in the street. It rises far higher. Remember the demonstrations of the Nazarene. So, once you have had your first psychic experience, once you have begun to understand the elementary principles of this Law, realise that you still have a long path ahead of you, before you truly understand the all-embracing, all-important, Psychic Law.

This article is from "The Fantastic Teachings of Ramala".

THE PSYCHIC LAW -- PART TWO

Many people on the Earth today do not possess psychic ability because inherent in the structure of the human physical body is the limitation, wisely placed there by their Creator, which ensures that they are restricted to an awareness of only the physical plane, and this, of course, is with good reason.

Necessary Limitations

If an unevolved person were able to use the Psychic Law, to wield psychic power, to any great extent, they would not be able to cope with all the extensions of their senses and would be confused. Many of the people who today are considered to be insane, who have hallucinations, are people who are suffering from a fault in the mechanism of their brains which permits psychic influences to enter. Medical science today has not yet discovered that in the brain there are little shutters, little doors of minute valves, which control the entry of these psychic influences into the human brain.

While you are awake these little "doors" are closed, unless opened through the development of the spiritual centres, but while you sleep the "doors" are opened and psychic influences can come in. However, while you are asleep your consciousness is dimmed and you are not aware of what your super-consciousness sees. Even so, you can still experience dreams or nightmares, visions of confusion, which register on your conscious brain. These are caused by the astral body returning to its physical shell after travelling on other levels of existence whilst you are asleep, when the little "doors" into the brain are partially open. This permits a distorted vision of other realms to be momentarily recorded on your physical brain.

Hallucinations

A similar thing also happens when a person is kept awake for many, many hours and is not allowed to sleep. The etheric body, the energy producing body, which is the body that generates the life force within Humanity, has to withdraw from the physical body every twenty-four hours in order to regenerate itself with cosmic forces. Therefore it withdraws through the little "doors" I have previously mentioned whilst a person sleeps. But if that person is kept awake, when the etheric body withdraws and the shutters open they will see what would normally have been concealed. These visions are sometimes called hallucinations.

Great Responsibility

So, you see, the psychic experience is available, and can be had, but only by overcoming the protective mechanism of your Creator. Your Creator has wisely decided that until you have evolved to a certain level, when you can fully understand the Psychic Law, you may not use it. Therefore you would be most unwise to experiment with psychic powers until such time as you can achieve them naturally through the evolution of your own consciousness.

The reason why you incarnate on this Earth is to advance your consciousness, through the exercising of your own choice, along the path which you and your Creator have chosen. If you wish to be aware of, and to use, the Psychic Law you have to earn that right. It is not to be given to you as a gift from above. Like everything else on this Earth is has to be earned the hard way: through experience, through sacrifice, through personal achievement, through hard work.

If you desire to develop your psychic abilities you must be aware that it is something which you yourselves have to achieve. It is not something which will descend upon you like rain from the clouds. I would also point out to those of you who do desire to develop your psychic talents that any spiritual achievement carries with it great responsibility, for as you evolve up the ladder of spiritual progression, as you advance from class to class in this school of life and evolve your consciousness, so hand in hand with that goes the responsibility to use your consciousness wisely. Again, if you do develop psychic ability, then you should always use it with responsibility.

Click here for part three....

The first part of this article is here -THE PSYCHIC LAW -- PART ONE

This article is from "The Fantastic Teachings of Ramala"

THE PSYCHIC LAW -- PART ONE

The Psychic Law, or the Soul Law as it is sometimes called, governs Humanity on all levels of its existence. In the Age in which we live today little is known about this Law. Little is understood about the powers and the influences which those spiritual beings who exist beyond the frequency range of physical matter can and do wield.

A Typical Question

Humanity is entering the Aquarian Age when, due to the nature of its evolution and to the changes in its physical body, it is to become a more psychic and a more spiritual being, and is to live its life more in harmony with this power.

Many people, who accept in faith the existence of beings such as elementals, fairies and nature spirits, would like to see them and have their beliefs confirmed. They would like to see devas and angels. They would like to see an astral form and to travel in their astral bodies and to be able to remember what they saw and experienced whilst they travelled in them. They would like to see, to hear, to smell, to feel, to taste beyond the limits of the physical body. They say, "I try, I pray that I could experience any one of these influences, and yet I see, feel and receive nothing. Why is this? Moreover, I consider that I lead a harmonious and balanced life, and yet people whom I know to be psychic appear to me to be living in disharmony and making great mistakes in their lives. Why should they have this gift and not me??".

The Explanation

Let us therefore begin to examine the Psychic Law. Firstly, remember that there is no division between spiritual and physical Man. It is Man who creates, even demands, this division. Man has limited himself to his physical body and to his physical Earth. It is Man who has said that he cannot see, hear, smell, taste or touch beyond the limiting frequency range of physical matter. Man accepts these limitations, is content with them, and seeks to investigate no further. Sometimes I think that Man deliberately buries his head in the sand, for he is ignoring the many people on this Earth who do possess and use extra-sensory perception who can see, feel, taste, touch and hear beyond the range of most people.

Extra-sensory Perception

As Man investigates the Animal Kingdom he becomes aware of the fact that animals can and do hear, see, smell and communicate outside his own frequency range. On another level, Man is aware of the power of electricity and of the presence of radio waves which he cannot see but which he knows do exist. There is, therefore, much that Man uses without actually being directly aware of through his five senses, but when the concept of extra-sensory perception is suggested to him Man usually cannot, or will not, consider such a "ridiculous" proposition. Only a few therefore, experiment with, and investigate, the Psychic Law.

Maybe you do not know of anyone who is psychic, but that does not mean that this ability does not exist, for many of those who possess psychic ability, recognising it as a spiritual talent, do not seek to profit from it in any way and use it only for the purpose of their own inner development and to fulfil the Greater Plan. The few so-called psychic people that you do meet and hear about are not necessarily the only, or the most evolved, psychic people in this World.

A Spiritual Birthright

To use the Psychic Law, to have extra-sensory perception, is Humanity´s spiritual birthright. It was not intended that just a few people should have this ability. Every evolved person, and I stress the word "evolved", who incarnates on the Earth should possess this ability. This was one of the demonstrations of the Nazarene when he incarnated on the Earth, for many of his miracles which are described in the Bible are merely extension of the Psychic Law.

The ability to walk on the water, to multiply the loaves and fishes in order to feed many people, to turn water into wine, to heal, to raise from the dead, to appear in a physical body after death. In such demonstrations Jesus was showing Humanity that for those who can advance to the consciousness to recognise, to understand and to wield such power, the Psychic Law is a reality.


Part Two follows....

This article is from "The Fantastic Teachings of Ramala".